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SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    1716, 
    1040, 
    1206, 
    1393, 
    1408, 
    644, 
    1190, 
    1183, 
    978, 
    1204, 
    476, 
    1651, 
    507, 
    319, 
    345, 
    658, 
    1194, 
    1199, 
    608, 
    623, 
    1213, 
    1202, 
    659, 
    1631, 
    597, 
    646, 
    574, 
    1201, 
    614, 
    1618, 
    602, 
    1629, 
    357, 
    1214, 
    1630, 
    592, 
    617, 
    502, 
    650, 
    483, 
    582, 
    587, 
    579, 
    1676, 
    1656, 
    1684, 
    1669, 
    611, 
    1400, 
    620, 
    1647, 
    1125, 
    1207, 
    618, 
    1191, 
    603, 
    612, 
    1184, 
    593, 
    508, 
    1619, 
    1394, 
    1648, 
    1670, 
    1205, 
    1041, 
    1677, 
    1195, 
    1632, 
    575, 
    624, 
    1657, 
    1685, 
    1203, 
    645, 
    478, 
    580, 
    583, 
    588, 
    621, 
    1409, 
    609, 
    317, 
    484, 
    1401, 
    615, 
    325, 
    1687, 
    1200, 
    359, 
    503, 
    651, 
    1652, 
    647, 
    598, 
    979, 
    1126, 
    660, 
    471, 
    1688, 
    1208, 
    1649, 
    480, 
    616, 
    1192, 
    1185, 
    1678, 
    571, 
    661, 
    652, 
    581, 
    1410, 
    594, 
    485, 
    584, 
    577, 
    1196, 
    625, 
    1402, 
    1395, 
    980, 
    339, 
    1633, 
    1127, 
    599, 
    604, 
    1653, 
    479, 
    1042, 
    472, 
    509, 
    1659, 
    1686, 
    622, 
    619, 
    610, 
    589, 
    648, 
    1620, 
    1671, 
    504, 
    613, 
    215, 
    465, 
    662, 
    1209, 
    1672, 
    1186, 
    486, 
    590, 
    605, 
    1396, 
    981, 
    653, 
    505, 
    1634, 
    595, 
    361, 
    1193, 
    309, 
    1197, 
    576, 
    1654, 
    600, 
    1043, 
    1621, 
    1679, 
    337, 
    626, 
    585, 
    510, 
    473, 
    1403, 
    649, 
    1689, 
    1411, 
    1658, 
    578, 
    1210, 
    1613, 
    1673, 
    313, 
    506, 
    1187, 
    982, 
    363, 
    1638, 
    1680, 
    601, 
    474, 
    606, 
    1404, 
    1198, 
    586, 
    654, 
    591, 
    1655, 
    1622, 
    1660, 
    596, 
    481, 
    1397, 
    1044, 
    1614, 
    1617, 
    1211, 
    1661, 
    607, 
    1188, 
    983, 
    1681, 
    482, 
    1635, 
    1623, 
    475, 
    1674, 
    1405, 
    1045, 
    1398, 
    572, 
    1212, 
    1406, 
    984, 
    1636, 
    315, 
    1597, 
    573, 
    1046, 
    1189, 
    1399, 
    1624, 
    1662, 
    1683, 
    1682, 
    1675, 
    985, 
    1625, 
    1407, 
    241, 
    1663, 
    1637, 
    1598, 
    1047, 
    1639, 
    902, 
    986, 
    1048, 
    1626, 
    1646, 
    1664, 
    1627, 
    987, 
    1665, 
    1049, 
    1640, 
    1050, 
    1666, 
    925, 
    1667, 
    1051, 
    1644, 
    1668, 
    1728
  ) 
  AND category_id != 264

Query time 0.00061

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost": 0.046397555,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_categories",
          "access_type": "index",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "parent", "p_category_id"],
          "key": "parent",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["parent_id"],
          "loops": 1,
          "rows": 271,
          "cost": 0.046397555,
          "filtered": 100,
          "attached_condition": "cscart_categories.parent_id in (1716,1040,1206,1393,1408,644,1190,1183,978,1204,476,1651,507,319,345,658,1194,1199,608,623,1213,1202,659,1631,597,646,574,1201,614,1618,602,1629,357,1214,1630,592,617,502,650,483,582,587,579,1676,1656,1684,1669,611,1400,620,1647,1125,1207,618,1191,603,612,1184,593,508,1619,1394,1648,1670,1205,1041,1677,1195,1632,575,624,1657,1685,1203,645,478,580,583,588,621,1409,609,317,484,1401,615,325,1687,1200,359,503,651,1652,647,598,979,1126,660,471,1688,1208,1649,480,616,1192,1185,1678,571,661,652,581,1410,594,485,584,577,1196,625,1402,1395,980,339,1633,1127,599,604,1653,479,1042,472,509,1659,1686,622,619,610,589,648,1620,1671,504,613,215,465,662,1209,1672,1186,486,590,605,1396,981,653,505,1634,595,361,1193,309,1197,576,1654,600,1043,1621,1679,337,626,585,510,473,1403,649,1689,1411,1658,578,1210,1613,1673,313,506,1187,982,363,1638,1680,601,474,606,1404,1198,586,654,591,1655,1622,1660,596,481,1397,1044,1614,1617,1211,1661,607,1188,983,1681,482,1635,1623,475,1674,1405,1045,1398,572,1212,1406,984,1636,315,1597,573,1046,1189,1399,1624,1662,1683,1682,1675,985,1625,1407,241,1663,1637,1598,1047,1639,902,986,1048,1626,1646,1664,1627,987,1665,1049,1640,1050,1666,925,1667,1051,1644,1668,1728) and cscart_categories.category_id <> 264",
          "using_index": true
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

Result

category_id	parent_id
337	215
339	215
658	215
1613	215
1614	215
1683	215
644	241
645	241
345	309
1687	309
1688	309
1689	309
357	313
359	313
361	313
363	313
571	313
572	313
573	313
602	315
603	315
604	315
605	315
606	315
607	315
319	317
325	317
465	317
480	317
1650	317
1655	317
471	319
472	319
473	319
474	319
475	319
1597	319
1598	319
1646	319
483	325
484	325
485	325
486	325
502	337
503	337
504	337
505	337
506	337
507	339
508	339
509	339
510	339
574	357
575	357
576	357
577	357
578	357
579	359
580	359
581	359
587	361
588	361
589	361
590	361
591	361
592	363
593	363
594	363
595	363
596	363
476	465
478	465
479	465
481	465
482	465
1647	480
1648	480
1649	480
1658	480
582	571
583	571
584	571
585	571
586	571
597	572
598	572
599	572
600	572
601	572
608	602
609	602
610	602
611	603
612	603
613	603
614	604
615	604
616	604
617	605
618	605
619	605
620	606
621	606
622	606
623	607
624	607
625	607
626	607
646	644
647	644
648	644
649	644
654	644
650	645
651	645
652	645
653	645
659	658
660	658
661	658
662	658
1660	658
1661	658
1662	658
1663	658
1664	658
1665	658
1666	658
1667	658
1668	658
978	902
979	902
980	902
981	902
982	902
983	902
984	902
985	902
986	902
987	902
1125	925
1126	925
1127	925
1183	978
1184	978
1185	978
1186	978
1187	978
1188	978
1189	978
1190	979
1191	979
1192	979
1193	979
1194	980
1195	980
1196	980
1197	980
1198	980
1199	981
1200	981
1201	982
1202	983
1203	983
1204	984
1205	984
1206	985
1207	985
1208	985
1209	985
1210	985
1211	985
1212	985
1213	986
1214	987
1393	1125
1394	1125
1395	1125
1396	1125
1397	1125
1398	1125
1399	1125
1400	1126
1401	1126
1402	1126
1403	1126
1404	1126
1405	1126
1406	1126
1407	1126
1408	1127
1409	1127
1410	1127
1411	1127
1669	1613
1670	1613
1671	1613
1672	1613
1673	1613
1674	1613
1675	1613
1676	1614
1677	1614
1678	1614
1679	1614
1680	1614
1681	1614
1682	1614
1618	1617
1619	1617
1620	1617
1621	1617
1622	1617
1623	1617
1624	1617
1625	1617
1626	1617
1627	1617
1630	1629
1631	1630
1632	1630
1633	1630
1634	1630
1635	1630
1636	1630
1637	1630
1638	1630
1639	1630
1640	1630
1656	1655
1657	1655
1659	1655
1684	1683
1685	1683
1686	1683