SELECT 
  category_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  id_path LIKE '317/319/%'

Query time 0.00016

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost": 0.00361052,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_categories",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": ["id_path"],
          "key": "id_path",
          "key_length": "767",
          "used_key_parts": ["id_path"],
          "loops": 1,
          "rows": 8,
          "cost": 0.00361052,
          "filtered": 100,
          "attached_condition": "cscart_categories.id_path like '317/319/%'",
          "using_index": true
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}