SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    15167, 16346, 16334, 16348, 15749, 14660, 
    14149, 14650, 16347, 15166, 15732, 
    14651, 14140, 14656, 14654, 14661, 
    15751, 16338, 15108, 15753, 16354, 
    14136, 16340, 15747
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00107

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost": 0.231408414,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "pt"],
          "key": "pt",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["product_id"],
          "loops": 1,
          "rows": 122,
          "cost": 0.04016637,
          "filtered": 100,
          "attached_condition": "cscart_products_categories.product_id in (15167,16346,16334,16348,15749,14660,14149,14650,16347,15166,15732,14651,14140,14656,14654,14661,15751,16338,15108,15753,16354,14136,16340,15747)",
          "using_index": true
        }
      },
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_categories",
          "access_type": "eq_ref",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "c_status", "p_category_id"],
          "key": "PRIMARY",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["category_id"],
          "ref": ["u508912950_dev_2025.cscart_products_categories.category_id"],
          "loops": 122,
          "rows": 1,
          "cost": 0.11239848,
          "filtered": 100,
          "attached_condition": "cscart_categories.storefront_id in (0,1) and (cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' or find_in_set(0,cscart_categories.usergroup_ids) or find_in_set(1,cscart_categories.usergroup_ids)) and cscart_categories.`status` in ('A','H')"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}